Aside from the voice ,musical sound is produced by
musical instruments. These instruments come in different sizes and shapes.
Usually, they are made from raw materials available in the locality.
Indigenous people, for example, make use of wood,
bamboo, animal, skin, gourd, coconut shell to create their
own set of musical instruments. Other
musical communities or groups use steel, metal, nylon strings, brass, and
plastic to create musical instruments that suit their way of living and
their culture .it is
Important to note that though instruments vary in the quality of material they are made
[of, they all serve the purpose of providing cultural band self-expressions
as well as musical entertainment .
Musical instruments are classified according to how
their respective sounds are produced by the instrumentalist or performer. This
system pf musical classification is called the sachs-Hornbostel
system.
Idiophones
Are instruments that
are struck,shaken or rubbed. Bells, cymbals, triangles, and maracas are
examples of this group of musical instruments.
EXAMPLES
Membranophones
Ø Are
musical instruments that use stretched skins as membranes. They are struck with
bare hands or with the use of sticks or mallets .some examples of this kind of
instrument include the timpani, bongos, tugo, dabakan, and snare
drums.
EXAMPLES:
 |
| SNARE DRUMS |
 |
| DABAKAN |
 |
| TUGO |
Aerophones
Ø Are
wind instruments that Are blown on the mouth –piece to produce sound.trumpets,horns,saxophones
sahunay,
and flute belong to this group
of instruments .in the case of the nose flutes,sound is produced by exhaling
air through the nostrils |
| FRENCH HORN |
 |
| SAHUNAY |
EXAMPLES:
Chordophones
Electrophones
 |
| NOSE FLUTE |
Chordophones
Ø Are
string instruments that are either
plucked or bowed. Examples of this kind of instruments are the kudyapi, banduria, laud, violin and lutes.
EXAMPLES:
 |
| LAUD |
 |
| VIOLIN |
 |
| KUDYAPI |
Electrophones
Ø Are
instruments that use electronics group includes the keyboard, electric guitar, and electronic drums.
EXAMPLES:
 |
| KEY BOARD |
 |
| ELECTRONIC DRUMS
Instrumental music is divided into two broad categories known as
chamber
music and orchestral musics. Chamber
music
Ø Is a composition played by a
group of musicians for a small room
performance .the smallest group
that can perform chamber music is called a duo(two musicians).other groups
may perform music in trio(three musicians),quartet(four musicians),quintet(five
musicians), octet(eight musicians), and so on. The most popular instrumental
combination for chamber music is the string quartet.other chamber music may performed
by the brass quintet which is usually made up of two trumpets ,French horn, A trombone, and a
tuba.
Orchestral
music and instruments
Ø The
term orchestration in its specific sense refers to the way
instruments are used to portray any musical aspect such as melody or harmony.
For
example, a C major
chord is made up of the notes C, E,
and G.
If the notes are held out the entire duration of a measure,
the composer or orchestrator will have to decide what instrument(s) play this
chord and in what register. Some instruments, including woodwinds and brass are
primarily monophonic and
can only play one note of the chord at a time. However in a full orchestra
there is generally more than one of these instruments, so the composer may
choose to outline the chord in its basic form with clarinets or trumpets.
Other instruments, including the strings,piano, harp,
and pitched percussion are polyphonic and
may play more than one note at a time.
Additionally
in orchestration, notes may be placed into another register (such as transposed
down two octaves for the basses),
doubled (both in the same and different octaves), and altered with various
levels of dynamics. The choice of instruments, registers, and dynamics affect
the overall tone color.
If the C major chord was orchestrated for the trumpets and trombones playing fortissimoin
their upper registers, it would sound very bright; But if the same chord was orchestrated for
the celli and string basses playing sul tasto,
doubled by the bassoons and bass clarinet,
it might sound heavy and dark.
There
are four basically four sections in the
orchestra.
1. stringed instruments (chordophones)
Ø are
often referred to as the “backbone” of the orchestra.
EXAMPLES:
·
The violin is
the leader and the heart of the
instruments in the orchestra.it is
played by moving the bow across the
strings.sometimes the strings are also plucked with fingers.
·
The viola looks
like a violin but is a little larger, it is tuned fifth lower than a violin.
·
The cello is
held between the knees as the player
moves the bow to and fro .it is larger than the viola.
·
The double bass is
the largest among the stringed
instruments but has the lowest pitch.
2. Woodwind instruments (aerophones)
Ø Are
blown through the mouth piece .the air passes through the air column and it impinges on an edge or on a reed.
EXAMPLES:
· The piccolo
is the smallest instrument in the wood wind section .it has a range of an
octave higher than a flute.
· The flute has
high range and is extremely capable of producing rapid successions of tones.
The oboe is
the most expressive among the woodwind musical instruments.
·
The clarinet is
a cylindrical instrument with a cup- shaped mouth piece and a flaring bell at
the end.
·
The bassoon
is called the “clown” of the orchestra with a long curving metallic
mouthpiece.its tone is soft and mellow.
3.Brass instruments
Ø Are
also aerophones but are made out of brass metal.
· The trumpet is the main
instrument of the brass section and makes a brilliant and brassy sound.
· The trombone
is the only sliding instrument in the brass section that shifts pitch in any
key.
· The French horn
is a coiled brass instrument that is more mellow than the trumpet.
· The tuba
is the largest instrument in the brass section;it has the lowest pitch.
EXAMPLES:
4.percussion
instruments
Are considered the
special effects department of the
orchestra because of the dynamics
rhythmic effects they ·
the tambourine,the
triangle,the snare drum and the bass drum.
Ø create.most
percussion instruments are played by
striking the instruments with
sticks and mallets .other are sounded by shaking or rubbing .
Ø
These instruments are
further classified into two
groups,namely the definite pitch percussion and the indefinite pitch percussion instruments
Ø Examples
of percussions instruments with definite and
indefinite pitch are the
following:
·
The xylophone
consists of a set of wooden bars arranged in scale .it is struck with a set sticks .
·
Chimes
a set of metal tubes hanging from a frame. Its metal tubes are struck to create the
musical sounds.
·
The timpani or kettle
drums
are bowls made out of copper or brass that are covered by a stretched membrane.
EXAMPLES:
 
PREPARED
BY:
ESTHER
B. LUDAN
BSED2A
REFFERENCES:
https://www.google.com.ph/?gfe_rd=ctrl&ei=Us0JU5aZLKqPiAet-YDgDA&gws_rd=cr#q=enjoylifewithmusicandarts
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